Objective Question & Answer

Hardy Cross method - Algebraic sum of head loss in any closed loop is zero: This is the core hydrodynamic principle  used by this iterative technique to balance closed-loop circuists.

Equivalent pipe - Long and narrow pipe: The method replaces a complex combination of series or parallel lines into a single,

uniform equivalent pipe that exhibits the same head loss for a given discharge.

Circle method - Domestic supply is neglected and fire demand is considered: A specialized analysis technique typically 

mapped onto looped water systems to ensure they can adequately handle localized firefighting demand during an emergency.

Electrical Analysis - Establishes analysis between flow fluid and flow of current: Uses electrical circuitry analogies where

water discharge acts like electric current and friction head loss mirrors voltage drop