| Defects due to | Defects |
| 1. Insect | Tunnels inside 2 mm diameter pin holes, etc. |
| 2. Natural forces | Knots, shakes, foxiness druxiness, burls (rind galls), coarse grain, etc |
| 3. Fungi | Brown rot, dry rot, white rot, wet rot. |
| 4. Conversion | Chip mark, diagonal grain, torn grain, wane, etc. |
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