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Question

Match the following possible failure modes of an axially loaded column with their correct occurrence.

Failure modes of column

Occurrence

1

Local buckling

A.

Occurs by excessive deflection in the plane of the weaker principal axis

2

Squashing

B

Occurs ' by buckling of one or more individual plate elements

3

Overall flexural buckling

C

Occurs, by twisting about the shear centre in the longitudinal axis

4
Flexural-
Torsional buckling

D
Occurs when the length is relatively small (stocky column)
A.
1-B; 2 - A; 3-D; 4-C
B.
1-C; 2 - D; 3-A; 4-B
C.
1-B; 2 - D; 3-A; 4-C
D.
1-B; 2-C; 3-A; 4-D
Answer ( Option C)

1-B; 2 - D; 3-A; 4-C

Solution

1.Local buckling → B
   Reason: Local buckling happens when individual plate elements (like the flange or web 
   of a steel section) buckle locally before the entire column fails.
2.Squashing → D
   Reason: Squashing (or yielding) occurs in very short, stocky columns where the 
   material reaches its full compressive strength without any buckling.
3.Overall flexural buckling → A
   Reason: This is the classic Euler buckling mode where the column experiences 
   excessive lateral deflection along its weaker principal axis.
4.Flexural-Torsional buckling → C
   Reason: This failure mode involves a combination of bending (flexure) and twisting 
   (torsion) about the shear center along the longitudinal axis.

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