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Question
Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? 
A.
Trigonometric levelling has never been used in geodetic surveys
B.
The differences in elevation are determined indirectly by trigonometric levelling
C.
The electronic distance measurement devices can be used for measuring the vertical distances
D.
The combined effects of curvature and refraction produce vertical readings that are slightly too short
Answer ( Option A)

Trigonometric levelling has never been used in geodetic surveys

Solution

Trigonometric leveling has never been used in geodetic surveys: 
• This statement is not correct. 
• Trigonometric leveling is a technique used in geodetic surveys to determine differences in elevation between points by measuring horizontal distances and vertical angles. 
• It is a well-established method in geodetic and surveying practices. 
The differences in elevation are determined indirectly by trigonometric leveling: 
• This statement is correct. 
• Trigonometric leveling indirectly determines differences in elevation by measuring horizontal distances and vertical angles. 
• The trigonometric relationships between these measurements are used to calculate elevation differences. 
The electronic distance measurement devices can be used for measuring the vertical distances: 
• This statement is correct. 
• Electronic distance measurement (EDM) devices can be used to measure both horizontal and vertical distances. 
• They are capable of accurately measuring vertical distances, which is essential in leveling and surveying applications. 
The combined effects of curvature and refraction produce vertical readings that are slightly too short: 
• This statement is correct. 
• When surveying over long distances, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction can affect the accuracy of vertical distance measurements. 
• These effects can make vertical readings slightly shorter than they would be in a perfectly flat and non-refractive environment. 
• Corrections are often applied to account for these effects in precise surveying work.

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